Secure Encounter-based Mobile Social Networks

Secure Encounter-based Mobile Social Networks ABSTRACT: Encounter-based social networks and encounter-based systems link users who share a location at the same time, as opposed to the traditional social network paradigm of linking users who have an offline friendship. This new approach presents challenges that are fundamentally different from those tackled by previous social network designs. In this paper, we explore the functional and security requirements for these new systems, such as availability, security, and privacy, and present several design options for building secure encounter-based social networks. To highlight these challenges we examine one recently proposed encounter-based social network design and compare it to a set of idealized security and functionality requirements. We show that it is vulnerable to several attacks, including impersonation, collusion, and privacy breaching, even though it was designed specifically for security. Mindful of the possible pitfalls, we construct a flexible framework for secure encounter-base d social networks, which can be used to construct networks that offer different security, privacy, and availability guarantees. We describe two example constructions derived from this framework, and consider each in terms of the ideal requirements. Some of our new designs fulfill more requirements in terms of system security,reliability, and privacy than previous work. We also evaluate real-world performance of one of our designs by implementing a proof-of-concept iPhone application called MeetUp. Experiments highlight the potential of our system and hint at the deployability of our designs on a large scale EXISTING SYSTEM: Early work assumed that the parties could communicate over a public but authenticated channel or, equivalently, assumed a passive adversary. This assumption was relaxed in later work, which considered an active adversary who could modify all messages sent between the two parties.In the Traditional Social network site present a dra-matically different set of challenges, not the least of which are security and privacy of users and authenticity of the other party in a conversation. Guarantees that are trivial in traditional social networks, such as authenticity (ensuring one is com-municating with the desired person), become open problems in encounter-based networks. Additionally, requirements like anonymity—a feature that is not needed in most traditional online social networks based on prior face-to-face contact— need to be considered in encounter-based networks. This is desirable because users would expect information about people they happen to meet to stay private. Fu rthermore, since people do not automatically place their trust in others simply based on presence in the same location, it is also desirable to reveal the minimum amount of information required for future secure communication. Sharing detailed personal information is not the primary goal of encounter-based networks, but can of course be easily implemented if both users agree upon the successful verified encounter.. PROPOSED SYSTEM: In proposed system we consider fundamental requirements for encounter-based social networks. We note that in addition to basic functionality like high availability, scalability, and robustness to failure, these systems should provide several security guarantees, including privacy in the form of unlinkability of users sharing an encounter, confidentiality of data exchanged among encounter participants, and authentication of both users in a two-party conversation. We construct a flexible frame-work for secure encounter-based social networks, which can be used to construct networks that offer different security, privacy , and availability guarantees. We describe two example constructions derived from this framework, and consider each in terms of the ideal requirements. Some of our new designs fulfill more requirements in terms of system security, reliability, and privacy than previous work. The first experience of interaction you want to provide an incoming user are the updates and responses about his activity in the system. This keeps the user updated about what’s going on in here. Although encounter-based systems appear very analogous to existing social networks, they present a considerably different set of challenges, out of which are security and privacy of users and authenticity of the other party in a conversation are important. Assurances that are trivial in traditional social networks, such as authenticity (ensuring one is communicating with the desired person), become unwrapped problems in encounter-based networks. Additionally, requirements like obscurity—a feature that is not needed in most usual online social networks based on prior face-to-face contact—need to be considered in encounter-based networks. This is desirable because users would look forward for information about people they happen to meet to stay private. Also, since people do not automatically place their faith in others simply based on presence in the same location, it is also desirable to disclose the minimum amount of information required for future secure communication . Sharing complete personal information is not the primary goal of encounter-based networks, but can of-course be easily put into practice if both users agree upon the successful verified encounter. we consider basic requirements for encounter-based social networks in addition to basic functionality like high availability, scalability, privacy security. We propose specific design architecture for encounter-based social network. In this architecture suggest two possible implementation, each conspicuous a balance between performance and security. To highlights of challenges it was designed for specifically secure centralized server. ARCHITECTURE: MODULES: Privacy or unlink ability. The privacy of two parties sharing an encounter must be protected, even from others in the vicinity who may also participate in simultaneous encounters. In this case, privacy means that an external adversary (even one taking part in the encounter or colluding with a â€Å"bulletin board† or rendezvous server to be used in latter phase) who is not one of the two users of interest should not be able to conclusively determine that two users have made a connection. Authenticity Meaning that when two users decide to make a connection, they should be assured that messages indeed originate from each other. Confidentiality Meaning that information exchanged between two users should be accessible only to them. Availability. As such, the infrastructure to exchange encounter information should be accessible most of the time. The unavailability of individual users should not affect the availability of other users. Since the time at which encounter parties check for potential encounters associated with their activities could be arbitrary, the encounter-based social network is more sensitive to availability than conventional social networks. Scalability. With typical social networks being large in size, any potential social network design, including those based on encounters, should scale to support a large number of simultaneous users. This requires minimizing dependence on a centralized entity.

Fixed Income Securities

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 1 (Questions are in bold print followed by answers. ) 2. What is meant by a mortgage-backed security? A mortgage-backed security is a security backed by one or more mortgage loans. Like a bond that is callable, a mortgage-backed security allows the investor to grant the borrower an option. 4. What is the cash flow of a 10-year bond that pays coupon interest semiannually, has a coupon rate of 7%, and has a par value of $100,000? The principal or par value of a bond is the amount that the issuer agrees to repay the bondholder at the maturity date.The coupon rate multiplied by the principal of the bond provides the dollar amount of the coupon (or annual amount of the interest payment). A 10-year bond with a 7% annual coupon rate and a principal of $100,000 will pay semiannual interest of (0. 07/2)($100,000) = $3,500 for 10(2) = 20 periods. Thus, the cash flow is $3,500. In addition to this periodic cash, the issuer of the bond is obligated to pay back th e principal of $100,000 at the time the last $3,500 is paid. 6. Give three reasons why the maturity of a bond is important.There are three reasons why the term to maturity of a bond is important. First, the term to maturity indicates the time period over which the holder of the bond can expect to receive the coupon payments and the number of years before the principal will be paid in full. Second, the term to maturity is important because the yield on a bond depends on it. The shape of the yield curve determines how the term to maturity affects the yield. Third, the price of a bond will fluctuate over its life as yields in the market change.The volatility of a bond’s price is dependent on its maturity. More specifically, with all other factors constant, the longer the maturity of a bond, the greater the price volatility resulting from a change in market yields. 8. Explain whether or not an investor can determine today what the cash flow of a floating-rate bond will be. Floati ng-rate bonds are issues where the coupon rate resets periodically based on a general formula equal to the reference rate plus the quoted margin. The reference rate is some index subject to change.The exact change is unknown and uncertain. Thus, an investor cannot determine today what the cash flow of a floating-rate bond will be in the future. 10. What is an inverse-floating-rate bond? While the coupon on floating-rate bonds reliant on an interest rate benchmark typically rises as the benchmark rises and falls as the benchmark falls, there are issues whose coupon interest rate moves in the opposite direction from the change in interest rates. Such issues are called inverse floaters. 12. (a) What is meant by an amortizing security?The principal repayment of a bond issue can be for either the total principal to be repaid at maturity or for the principal to be repaid over the life of the bond. In the latter case, there is a schedule of principal repayments. This schedule is called an amortization schedule. Loans that have this amortizing feature are automobile loans and home mortgage loans. There are securities that are created from loans that have an amortization schedule. These securities will then have a schedule of periodic principal repayments.Such securities are referred to as amortizing securities. (b) Why is the maturity of an amortizing security not a useful measure? For amortizing securities, investors do not talk in terms of a bond’s maturity. This is because the stated maturity of such securities only identifies when the final principal payment will be made. The repayment of the principal is being made over time. 14. What does the call feature in a bond entitle the issuer to do? The most common type of option embedded in a bond is a call feature.This provision grants the issuer the right to retire the debt, fully or partially, before the scheduled maturity date. 16. What does the put feature in a bond entitle the bondholder to do? An issue wit h a put provision included in the indenture grants the bondholder the right to sell the issue back to the issuer at par value on designated dates. The advantage to the bondholder is related to the possibility that if interest rates rise after the issue date (thereby reducing a bond’s price) the bondholder can force the issuer to redeem the bond at par value. 8. How do market participants gauge the default risk of a bond issue? It is common to define credit risk as the risk that the issuer of a bond will fail to satisfy the terms of the obligation with respect to the timely payment of interest and repayment of the amount borrowed. This form of credit risk is called default risk. Market participants gauge the default risk of an issue by looking at the default rating or credit rating assigned to a bond issue by one of the three rating companies—Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s, and Fitch. 0. Does an investor who purchases a zero-coupon bond face reinvestment risk? The calculation of the yield of a bond assumes that the cash flows received are reinvested. The additional income from such reinvestment, sometimes called interest-on-interest, depends on the prevailing interest-rate levels at the time of reinvestment, as well as on the reinvestment strategy. Variability in the reinvestment rate of a given strategy because of changes in market interest rates is called reinvestment risk.This risk is that the interest rate at which interim cash flows can be reinvested will fall. Reinvestment risk is greater for longer holding periods, as well as for bonds with large, early cash flows, such as high-coupon bonds. For zero-coupon bonds, interest is reinvested at the same rate as the coupon rate. This eliminates any risk associated with the possibility that coupon payments will be reinvested at a lower rate. However, if rates go up, then the zero coupon bond will fall in value because its â€Å"locked-in† rate is below the higher market rate. 22.W hat is meant by marking a position to market? Marking a position to market means that periodically the market value of a portfolio must be determined. Thus, it can refer to the practice of reporting the value of assets on a market rather than book value basis. Marking to market can also refer to settling or reconciling changes in the value of futures contracts on a daily basis. 24. What is risk risk? There have been new and innovative structures introduced into the bond market. Money managers do not always understand the risk/return characteristics of these securities.Risk risk is defined as not knowing what the risk of a security is because those involved in issuing and buying securities are not aware of what can happen. There are two ways to mitigate or eliminate risk risk. The first approach is to keep up with the literature on the state-of-the-art methodologies for analyzing securities. The second approach is to avoid securities that are not clearly understood. 26. What is a pri ce-risk-transferring innovation? A price-risk-transferring innovation is an innovation that provides market participants with more efficient means for dealing with price or exchange rate risk.

The Undisputed Truth About Essay Letter Writing Samples That the Experts Dont Want You to Know

The Undisputed Truth About Essay Letter Writing Samples That the Experts Don't Want You to Know Such letter fall under the class of formal letters. The very first information which you put on an official letter is your name and address. With a wide range of letter writing templates readily available, you can use from a broad assortment of letter formats that may be customizable. Unique styles are typical in formal letters on paper that has the address ready-printed at the very top of the webpage. Letters have played and are still playing an important part in communication across the world. Stay focused on your targets, but in addition on your life. The next thing to do is to demonstrate you have the work ethic, savvy, and enthusiasm it can take to compose a truly tailored cover letter. Write about your function in your loved ones. The 30-Second Trick for Essay Letter Writing Samples Ask for one or more volunteers to speak about how they felt to get the letter. An inform al letter can be written in nearly any way you select, but there are a couple of organizational guidelines you may follow if you're unsure of what to write or the way to format your letter. Opening a letter in the right manner is most important. The experiences you've got and the people that you meet along the way will offer wisdom and insight which you never considered before. Don't wait until you're dying to commence living. You can start to make a list of people 30 people if you wish to send one every day and after that plan out how you're going to send your letters. In any event, you will learn a great deal more about yourself and I feel that's what truly counts in the long run. You may also compose a letter here, this website can help you set the dates to under a year. Show your willingness to be connected with the business in the future and provide your LinkedIn address if you've got one or your email address. The committee is likely to present their approval on Tues day. My report wasn't up-to-date, I will need to revise it tomorrow. As a consequence, letter writing will. What you say will be dependent on the main reason you're writing, so make sure to tailor your letter to fit your own personal and professional circumstance. Letters to strangers often start out with an explanation of the reason behind writing. Single letter writing template is really a good letter that you're able to utilize to set your thoughts into most clear and exact words. The very first paragraph should include an introduction and a concise explanation of your reason behind writing. Remember also that concise does not need to mean bluntyou still will need to consider your tone and the audience for whom you're writing. Asking yourself a few standard questions can be a great method to approach letter writing. Paper letters were once the most and sometimes the sole reliable way of communication between two people in various locations. Writing is a superb method to place your worth into practice. Everything will get much better. In direct mail, you may use emotion. In the end, the tone you take in your letter will help determine if you receive the outcomes you would like. In the event that you were offensive at all, rewrite the letter! Keep in mind it is an official letter, therefore the greeting must be respectful and not too personal. If you're fond of writing a good deal of letters to your nearest and dearest or friends then grant writing template is appropriate for you. Prior to starting, bear in mind a fantastic understanding of suitable spelling, punctuation and grammar may be a real boost to both your business writing and the true success of your enterprise. Along with single word transitions like so'' and and'' there are a variety of excellent transitional phrases which can be used quite effectively. By building a template, in regards to crafting the (nearly) inevitable next job program, you are going to be saving yourself a lot of time and stress. If you intend on mailing your letter, consider sealing it by old-fashioned sealing wax or stickers. Since it's the most crucial line in your whole letter. The aim of the letter should be produced clear in the very first paragraph itself. Skip a line and start the letter. The One Thing to Do for Essay Letter Writing Samples If you want additional info, or when you have any comments or questions, then get in contact with our customer service department today. Include personal offer and data value The start of your cover letter should contain your own personal and contact info, along with the contact information of the continuing organization. Not including a covering letter will most likely guarantee that you won't be regarded as as it shows a deficiency of interest as will using an extremely generic and non personalized letter. Handwritten letters offer you emotional advantages that were identified by psychologists and health-care professionals.

The Financial Aspect On An Incorporated Entity Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2366 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Let me first begin by explaining what a cash flow statement is. To put it simply, a cash flow statement is rather self-explanatory in that it details the flow of cash in and out of the business. It shows where cash comes from and where the said cash goes to. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Financial Aspect On An Incorporated Entity Finance Essay" essay for you Create order For example, a typical cash flow statement would include cash generated from sales and on the flip-side, taxes that are paid. Another form of financial statement is the income statement. The income statement is also sometimes referred to as the profit and loss statement. As with cash flow statements, income statements are also rather self-explanatory. This is perhaps more apparent to the layman if they are referred to as profit and loss statements. These statements show whether a company is running on a profit or a loss for a given period. As with other forms of financial statements, balance sheets also reflect on the financial health of the company. However, balance sheets are typically much more comprehensive and often offer a more detailed look at a companys financial standing. It details who owes the company what, who the company owes, and what properties the company owns, amongst other things. Equity statements on the other hand explains the changes in the companys reta ined earnings. It would typically contain items such as changes in ownership stake in the company and the level of profit or surplus retained over a specified period. Also often detailed are dividend payouts and issuance of stocks. Now armed with some rudimentary knowledge of what financial statements are, we are perhaps better equipped to navigate towards the main focus of this essay the importance of financial statements to various groups. Investors In no particular order, I shall first discuss the importance of financial statements through the lens of a prospective investor. As one might imagine, it would probably not be a very good idea to invest ones hard earned money into a financially ill business. In a nutshell, this is why financial statements bare such great importance to the prospective investor. Financial statements provide a vital look into the inner workings of a business, painting a better picture of how the said business is run and thus helping investors better calculate risk. That in turn helps them make better investment choices, hopefully. For instance, an analysis of an income statement would show whether or not the target of investment is turning a profit. This, is probably as good a yardstick as any in assessing a companies success, at least on the surface. Cash flow statements are also of considerable importance to prospective investors as it displays the the movement of cash through the business. An investor could use the cash flow statement in tandem with the the companies net income to determine whether the volume of cash moving through the company is sufficient to make their investment efforts worthwhile. Balance sheets as discussed above, provide a snapshot of a companies financial wellbeing for a specific duration of time. Balance sheets thus provide integral data detailing the assets of a business which would include prior investments contradicted with the liabilities the business owes. Based on the assumption that no self-respecting investor would want to make a loss on his/her investment, the balance sheet would show clearly if the business in rolling in debt with not much prospect of profitability and that point in itself clearly underlines the importance of the balance sheet to investors. Equity statements like all other forms of financial statements really come in handy when trying to assess the financial standing of a company. Equity statements are used typic ally, but not exclusively, when deducing a companys debt-to-equity ratio. The investor would look at the equity statement and draw a comparison between the companys cumulative debt and the shareholders equity. This helps paint a detailed picture of a companys financial health, specifically and for lack of a better word, its investability. Employees It is often said that a company is but only the sum of its employees. Having argued thus, it is a hardly debatable notion that financial statements are as important to individual employees as they are to anyone. Financial statements can help the individual employee gauge the stability of their current job and decide if it is necessary to perhaps seek greener pastures elsewhere. Now, this might not necessarily be good for the business in question, but from an employees perspective it is a perfectly valid point. Wouldnt you want prior knowledge if the business you work for was free-falling down the financial hill? Additionally, these reports also come in handy when making bargaining agreements with the management in terms of remuneration, promotions and so forth. It is worth nothing, however, that it is these financial statements are more commonly reviewed by workers unions or similarly designated bodies rather that the individual employee himself. Specifically, balance sheets are important as it helps the employee assess the financial stability of the firm he or she is working for. For instance a registered union may review a companies balance sheet and notice that it has $500million in available cash. The union representative may then attempt to persuade the company to raise employee salaries by a margin realistically within the companys financial parameters, say by 5 percent, knowing full well that the raise would only cost the company and additional $2million. A labor representative may also analyze a companys income statement to weigh revenue and expense levels. Taking into consideration the breakdown of the income statement the representative could show, if it is the case, that perhaps salaries of employees only constitute a proportionally small percentage of the companies expenditure. The said representative could then advocate for a raise on behalf of the employees arguing that the cost involved with giving that raise would not adversely affect the company but rather benefit the firm by boosting the morale and hence effectiveness of its staff. Much of the same arguments as to why an employee or a union would want to review a business income statement conveniently also applies to cash flow statements. The differing point here being that what would be reviewed in a cash flow statement is the companies operating cash activities. Its importance towards the employee would be that cash flow statements would show the total cash payments against which total staff salaries could be compared with to gauge whether employees of the business are being fairly compensated. Equity statements on the other hand, are not of much use to the average individual employee. However, the same cannot be said for workers unions. As equity statements would detail things such as dividend payouts, it would show if the directors are being paid massive dividends at the expense of the average employee as was the case with General Motors during the a utomotive industry meltdown last year. Top execs were paid bonuses worth hundreds of millions of dollars while the company as a whole was so deep in financial quicksand that it required a bailout from the US federal government. Lenders Thirdly, we shall consider the importance of financial statements from the perspective of lenders. As providers of capital, lenders namely banks and financial institutions are understandably very concerned with a companys financial health as it reflects directly on the aforementioned companys credit worthiness. Much like how you and I are required to produce income documents upon application of a loan or any other credit facility for that matter, company owners are also usually required to produce a whole bevy of financial statements before any form of credit is issued by the lender. These documents prepared to certain industry standards serve to paint as accurate a picture as possible of the companys current financial standing and when extrapolated help predict how the company will perform for the tenure of the loan. The balance sheet, by detailing a companys asset investments paint a great portion of this picture. Since the balance sheet also list a companys outstanding debt a nd equity components, it helps creditors assess their relative position amongst the rest of a companys capital composition. On the other hand, profit and loss statements or income statements, are of much use to creditors as it would show whether a company has sustained growth or suffering a loss over a specified period. This then assist the lender in plotting the trend which they will then use, in conjunction with other factors to determine how well the company will be able to repay the loan. As with other financial statements, cash flow statements also prove to be of great importance towards creditors in much the same way as the other forms of financial statements discussed above in that it paints a picture of a companys credit worthiness. However, it is worth noting that a paradox exist when it comes to cash flow statements and its relationship with lenders. The more detailed the cash flow statement is, the less likely the applicant business has anything to hide. Bearing thi s in mind, the cost of preparing a financial statement rises exponentially with the level of detail involved. This increase in cost is associated with the practical and logistical constraints of compiling every single cash transaction that the business undertakes. Thus said, it is of utmost importance that businesses strike the golden balance between cost and providing lenders with a sufficient cash flow information within the statement. Suppliers Apart from the aforementioned parties, suppliers also have an interest in the analysis of a companys financial background via financial statements. Suppliers and vendors rely on the statements to asses the financial standing of clients, especially those they intend on establishing a long-term relationship with, to ensure that they are not getting into a bad deal. However, setting themselves apart from the parties discussed above, suppliers tend to rely more on statements containing information on the business partners or owners. The underlying principle behind this phenomenon is the fact that in a trade environment where it would be logistically impossible to check their customers backgrounds in its entirety, credit risk on the part of supplier simply skyrockets. This information is typically used as part of the suppliers due diligence and compliance processes, which are crucial in identifying the risk involved in transacting with a particular client. When these processes are undertaken are largely dictated by the suppliers themselves, however it may also be determined by government or industry regulators. For example, when not governed by regulation, a supplier may choose to play it safe by implementing due-diligence processes prior to establishing a relationship with the client business or only once transactions hit a certain threshold to give clients a chance to sample a vendors goods or services. Another peculiarity with the way vendors or suppliers utilize financial statements is that they generally tend to rely on specific, isolated bits of informations within these statements when financially profiling their clients. These bits might take the form of bankruptcy flags deduced from balance sheets, liquidity data inferred from cash flow statements and even financial statements with an internal focus which they then use to evaluate whether a clients business model is a potentially profitable or otherwise. However, where available, income statement s would be favourable as they negate the need for guess work in determining a client business profitability. Customers Moving on, we shall now consider the importance of financial statements towards the stakeholders perhaps most coveted by businesses the valued customer. Whilst the layman would rarely look into each type of financial statement in isolation, when consolidated and simplified, perhaps into a financial report or an article found in he business section of the daily paper, the information in financial statements can be extremely useful to the consumer. Allow me to illustrate my point. Consumers no doubt prefer doing business with well established companies as these businesses generally offer better after sales service and customer support. However, in some sectors like the automotive and real estate industries, longevity in a company is often at top of a consumers priorities when faced with the choice of who to do business with. Information hypothesized from financial statements provide this valuable insight. Another prime example I shall use to fortify my point has to do with the recen t surge in environmental awareness. Today, more consumers than ever are demanding that companies behave socially and environmentally responsibly. As a direct result, more and more companies are incorporating such metrics into their financial documents to reflect this much desired virtue. Government Lastly, a companys financial statements also play an irreplaceable role to the governments of the nations in which the companies operate. It is common knowledge that a great portion of a governments income comes from corporate tax paid by businesses that operate in that country. Thus, financial statements allow governments the luxury of calculating future budgets by way of approximating the taxes that each company would pay based on its prior and projected performance. In more detail, companies balance sheets are scrutinized by government agencies and regulators to ensure that companies are being run in compliance with legislation passed by the government. On a darker note, law enforcement often analyzes the cash flow statements of companies as it details the migration of cash in and out of the company. As such, this document would be as good as any when looking for evidence of money laundering. Conclusion Dearest reader, much ink has been spilled by both scholars and members of industry alike in an effort to classify financial statements into various groups. Although this has largely been a successful endeavor as discussed in the foreword of the essay, the more minute details of what each type of financial statement is remains till this day a subject of debate and interpretation. Perhaps, though, a more futile question to ask is to whom are financial statements important?. To that question and in concluding this essay, I humbly opine that while financial statements are important to several major groups as outlined throughout the essay, on a broader scale, these mere pieces of paper with numbers jotted across them would be of great importance to any group or individual with an interest in the economic aspect of any particular company.

The Interlopers Thesis - 1174 Words

Thesis statement: The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin has a unique and intelligent concept, but is defeated by lack of story building and a rushed, badly constructed ending. The Interlopers by Saki has a much more basic premise, but uses natural storytelling elements to create seamless story progression and a more powerful message. Setting The Story of an Hour: The audience is keyed into the time period by mention of how popular newsstands are, the lack of cell phones, and the social restrictions within marriages that Mrs. Millard, the main character, describes. When Mrs. Millard’s manic episode begins, she retires to an armchair by an open window, symbolic of her newfound inner-freedom. This creates imagery for the audience and helps to†¦show more content†¦Consequently, said story cheats itself of a meaningful message and ending by not taking time to create a believe and rich setting. Suspense The Story of an Hour: The first sentence sums up all that is wrong with suspense in this story, Knowing that Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble, great care was taken to break [†¦] the news of her husband s death.† In The Interlopers, story pertaining details were introduced as scene-setting, a subtle plot-motivating technique this story abandons. The remaining â€Å"suspense is developed entirely through Mrs. Millard’s hyperactive imagination as she dreams of the future. Her euphoric visions are repeated, and repeated again. An uneasiness is created for the sole reason that most people know that sane people don’t think this way. Ultimately, the lazy suspense building cheapens the ending and while successfully creates tension, dissolves itself by being overly obvious and unvaried. The Interlopers: Organic tension is built by atmosphere, dialogue, and subtle set up of the closing reveal, Ulrich had banded together his foresters to watch the dark forest, not in quest of four-footed quarry, but to keep a lookout for the prowling thieves whom he suspected of being afoot from across the land boundary. The roebuck, which usually kept in the sheltered hollows during a storm wind, were running like driven things tonight, and there was movement and unrest among the creatures that were wont to sleep through the dark hours.† TheShow MoreRelatedThe Interlopers By Saki And Mending Wall By Robert Frost Comparison And Analysis747 Words   |  3 PagesSome stories show how traditions can change drastically, either for better or for worse. The two texts the Interlopers by Saki and Mending Wall by Robert Frost show how the traditions can change or stay the same through a long period of time. 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Yet is it not also possible that there is some truth to the ignorantRead MoreFight Club: The Id, the Ego, and the Super-Ego Essay3982 Words   |  16 Pagescharacters dispense pithy laconic truisms, which harken back to Chandler, Hammett, and contemporaries DeLillo and Ellis. And, quite possibly, a violently twisted Freudian personification homage to Ginsberg and Kerouac vis-à  -vis On the Road. The thesis for mediums are succinctly spoken by Durden, â€Å" †¦ and the things you used to own, now they own you.† (Palahniuk 39) And â€Å"It’s only after we’ve lost everything that we’re free to do anything†. (Uhls 228) I. 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Professional Competence Presentation Free Essays

University of Phoenix Material North American Colonies Project Part 1: Native American Resources Access and review the Early Native Peoples interactive map link available through the HIS 110 [pic] page. Study the map identifying the regional distribution of Native Americans (also located in Ch. 1). We will write a custom essay sample on Professional Competence Presentation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Using the grid, identify the seven regions. Then indicate how each of the native tribes within the regions supported themselves prior to the arrival of European civilizations. Region: |Principle Basis of Subsistence: | |Artic |Fished and hunted seals. | |Northern Forests |Big game hunters. | |Pacific Northwest |Salmon fishing. | |Far West |Fishing, hunting small game, and gathering. | |Southwest |Farming and trading. | |Plains |Farming and hunting. | |Woodlands |Farming, hunting, gathering, and fishing. | 0. 2 Part 2: Contributions Grid Complete the Contributions Grid by describing the contributions of the three groups of peoples, Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans, to the creation of the British North American Colonies. List the aspects of each of these peoples—Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans—that contributed to the development of the British Colonies. | |NATIVE AMERICANS: |EUROPEAN |AFRICANS | |Economic |Fishing, gathering, farming, and hunting. Created goods which they either sold or |Trade with the Mediterranean world: | |Structure | |traded. |ivory, gold and slaves. Economies based | | | | |on resources of the lands they inhabited:| | | | |farming and hunting etc.. | |Political |Tribes had chiefs and the chiefs had |Centralized nation-states. With the |North: Ghana and Mali Empire. |Structure |advisors. |monarchs and their courts as the ultimate|South: A village system that was very | | | |law of the land. |family orientated. | | | | |Both men and women choose leaders of | | | | |their own gender to handle their gender | | | | |affairs. |Social System |Woman had a big part of the social |A class system. There were the rich, not |Maternal – families traced through | | |structure. They had big roles in their |so rich and poor. Male gender dominated. |mother’s side. Jobs were separated | | |families too. Most of the jobs and duties| |through gender lines. Women were dominant| | |that were needed to effectively run the | |in trading in farming, while men hunted | | |tribes were allocated along gender lines. |and fished. Women took care of the | | | | |children. | |Cultural Values |Their culture was centered around the |For the most part their cultural values |Ancestor worship and very gender related | | |tribes and the natural world which they |came from the bible and Christianity. |values. Women were almost equal with men | | |in habited. | |in many things they were superior. |Religion |Their religions were derived from the |Diffe rent denominations of Christianity. |Islam and various tribal faiths. | | |natural world around them. They had many | | | | |gods which represented elements of the | | | | |natural world in which the different | | | | |tribes lives. | | Part 3: North American Colonies Response Using the Readings found on the [pic] page, prepare a 350- to 700-word response in which you compare and contrast the early British North American colonies; for example, the Virginia colony and the Massachusetts Bay colony: in terms of their goals, government, social structure, and religion. In your response be sure to address the ways in which they were similar and different, and why. Be sure to properly cite any references. The most significant differences between the British colonies in North America lay between the ones in New England and those in the south. The colonies of New England were mainly founded by English people escaping religious persecution in England. While, the colonies in the south were founded mainly for financial gain, though some of the New England colonies were stuck out at first for the same reasons. For example, the colony that would soon become Pennsylvania started out as an attempt to make money by selling land parcels to refuges of English religious persecution and others. In the south he colony that would become Virginia started as a corporate venture by the London Company. The proprietors of this company hoped that if they financed a group (and later groups) of people to come to the new world and set up shop that they would make financial gains off the gold they would find (they were convinced there was gold, because of the success the Spanish had in pursuing it in South Ame rica). There were some colonies in New England that were founded solely on the basis of creating the â€Å"perfect† Christian communities by different denominations of the Protestant and Puritan faiths. Among hese were the settlers of Plymouth Rock. Roger Williams and his followers founded Rhode Island in an attempt to get away (for Roger it was because he had been banished from the Massachusetts Bay colony), from religious persecution in the New World by the same people who fled England in attempt to get away from the same. In the south, colonies were mainly set up as corporate ventures as I stated earlier. The first colony of Jamestown was there for gold and other precious goods. While, Maryland and the Carolina colonies were created as an attempt for their proprietors to get rich on land schemes and by taking ortions of the settlers goods i. e. crops and such that they farmed. In terms of goods between the two colonial areas the southern colonies made good in growing tobac co mainly, while, the northern colonies grew crops such as beans, pumpkins and corn. They both at fur trades, but of the two only the New England colonies did not have as much trouble with the natives. Southern colonies battled the native’s for years over the settler’s infringement of more and more of their lands among other things. While, in the New England colonies they did not have as much problems with the Indians. Two factors contribute to this: 1) By the time settlers reached the New England area many of the natives had already been wiped out by earlier explorer’s diseases. Small Pox among others created deadly plagues in these areas destroyed much of the population prior to their arrival and in the settlers early years there. Since the natives were eventually outnumbered by the settlers, the Indians in this area were way more compromising and in the most part just sold their land off and left. 2) The settlers who came to the New England region were much more respectful of the Indians han their counterparts in the south. For the most part, they started with the idea that the land belonged to the natives, so they would buy or trade for their lands instead of pushing the Indians off like in the south. The majority of settlers in both the New England colonies and those of the south were Christians. They varied in denomination somewhat, but in most colonies charters were created allowing t he freedom of worship to all. Southern and New England colonies had governors or proprietors who were the final word in all issues, but the governors were voted in and most areas had representative assemblies. How to cite Professional Competence Presentation, Essay examples

Principles of International Taxation †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Principles of International Taxation. Answer: Introduction: The case study depicts that there is a permanent occupation in country of Australia despite the fact that Kit has retained Chilean citizenship and was born in Chile. It is also evident in the case study provided that although Kit has permanent abode in Australia, but he does not hold the citizenship of the country. According to taxation rule listed under IT ruling 2650 under ITAA 1997, incoming originated from universal resources are held for variety purpose, if the Australian inhabitant has generated the income (Wickerson 2014). The assessment of an individual for the purpose of taxation are based on profits generated from Australia according to residing arrangement of country. As per the requirement of Australian taxation system, the proceeds generated by Kit will be charged principally. Furthermore, for settling the answerability of definitive tax, it is necessary that acknowledgement of residential status of Kit needs to be done. As evident from the case study, that Kit has been holding citizenship of Chile and has been making income in Australia simultaneously (Braithwaite and Reinhart 2013). Hence, for determining the Kit satisfactory status, it is essential to carry out residential applicable test. Conduction of such test will help in influential the existing residential status of Kit. A declaration is provided as per this, test that an individual will be considered as Australian resident in continuous manner or if he is not in country for period of six months, the he or she will be regarded as resident of Australia. As a result, following the case study, it can be perceived and acknowledged that Kit is considered as Australian citizen as he his existence in the country is for period of more than six months in particular financial year. In addition to this, Kit was not residing in his place for work for around month and the purpose was to visit his relative. The assessment of entire residential status of Kit is assisted by witnessing the fact from given case study that Kit has acquired a permanent house in Australia where his child and spouse resides together (Kirchler et al. 2014). The family of Kit has been staying in Australia for a period of more than three years. Kit is regarded as Australian inhabitant. Individual residing in the country for longer time are regarded as Australian resident as per F .C. of T. v. Applegate (79 ATC 4307; (1979) 9 ATR 899 (Saad 2014). Domicile test: This test is considered s legally recognized model that helps in assessing in individual residential status. As per the domicile act of 1982, regulations and decree presented, it is required to carry out residential test. Upholding the residents in different country, it is required by individual to possess their own constitutional rights according to domicile act of 1982. Every individual has their rights and choice for choosing their country to reside in a transitional manner as involved in Henderson vs. Anderson 1965 (Tomasic and Pentony 2013). It is evident from case study that Kit has intentions of obtaining residence in Australia as new domicile has been acquired by him in Australia. Theory of test of domicile and 183 days test are convinced by Kit as per the scenarios provided in the case study. It is regarded as major evident that Kit is Australian resident. Moreover, according to taxation system and applicable duties levied, Australian resident are required to make tax payment. If sufficient evidence is obtained about residency condition of an individual then according to income tax act of Australia, an individual is liable to pay tax. In order to ascertain residential status and viability of an individual paying tax, residential test can be employed. Kit Salary has been received by Kit in account of Westpac bank that is hosted in Australia. Usually incomes that are received in Australia are taxed under Australian taxation law. Investment is made by Kit in Chillies market and such incomes are also assessed for taxation. For filing of the return of income tax the depiction is provided Applegate per Franki J 79 ATC and requests to makes obtainable all his returns together in abroad and residence nation (Woellner et al. 2017). It is declared by residency test that proceeds involve money and funds in particular financial year. The dodging of the dual taxation fault that lead to utilization of Australian taxation law. Discarded property for natural resource utilization experienced by the California copper Syndicate Limited has been depicted in the cases study. A judgment was given by court of law that earning acquired by an individual are identified as probable earnings. At the time of assets sale, for most changeable part are involved to the inference of all the appropriate expenditures. Decision about modification of the possession is ruled out by court. Incomes generated from business processing are obliged to be taxed. Dealing of nation and relevant earnings from business are measured under the measurable products as depicted in the case study. As per the tax authorities of Australian laws and regulations, the proceeds generated from selling any property is taxable and chargeable income tax act. Capital assets are comprised of industrial activities and it involves exchange of land also as given by court of law. The activity of selling the property is regarded as capital nature assets and that needs to be taken care of. Deducing the fact that cash inflow generated from selling of property or any assets is evident in the given case study. In assessing the value of tax, does not involve profit realization and property by payers of tax. Section 25 depicts there are some adequate person held for generating income from selling of property Case of Mason, Morphy and Wilson (Miller and Oats 2016). Declaration involves meanings of actions performed by individual after the court violation. The assessable income under income tax act has to be in compliance with general accounting principles as given by verdict of court. Incomes generated from selling of subdivided property are assessed for purpose of taxation under the section 25 or 26. Loss incurred from selling of property is also assessable for taxation as stated under the section (Krever 2014). In the given case, selling of assets was mainly because of loss occurred in farming business, and the realized amount automatically becomes taxable as indicated by court of law. The proceeding of land comes with realization scale. When performing subdivisions of an old property and selling them discretely on dissimilar occasions, the overall changes in tax needed to be paid by tax payer as depicted in the case. Income generated from selling of individual blocks are treated as ordinary income and it is suggested by court that since the tax payer was not carrying any sub division, it is required to depict the capital assets. Selling of property under different sub divisions does not involve any profit making scheme. The reason attributable for sub dividing land was because of making proper transaction and realizing land full potential. Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T 88 ATC 4897 Even if the land has been purchased solely for realizing profit as depicted in the given case, its purpose does not necessarily is to generate profit. According to ordinary concepts, it is required to state the indispensable purpose of land and if the land is purchased solely for the intention of making profit, tax payers are required to make extra payment from the sale proceeds of such acquired land. It is depicted in the given case that after the two years of purchase, land was divided into different blocks with intention of generating profit. However, initially, farming was the main purpose of land acquisition. Owner income increased very successfully after the sub division. Hence, verdict was provided by court of law that profit proceeding from selling of property will be taxable and assessed under income tax. In the given case study, it is evident that in order to increase the gain from proceeds of sale and this has lead to conversion old house into new house. Sale proceeds from sale of new properties after developing the old ones; it is required by tax payers to make the tax payment as per the verdict given by case study. Development of the property and selling them to other individuals is the intent of tax payers into undertaking on commercial basis. Reference: Braithwaite, V. and Reinhart, M., 2013. The Taxpayers Charter: does the Australian Tax Office comply and who benefits. Centre for Tax System Integrity Working Paper, 1. Henry, K., Harmer, J., Piggott, J., Ridout, H. and Smith, G., 2014. Australias future tax system. Canberra, Commonwealth Treasury. Kirchler, E., Niemirowski, A. and Wearing, A., 2014. Shared subjective views, intent to cooperate and tax compliance: Similarities between Australian taxpayers and tax officers. Journal of economic psychology, 27(4), pp.502-517. Krever, R.E., 2014. Australian Taxation Law Cases 2014: A Guide to the Leading Cases for Commerce and Law Students. Lang, M., 2014. Introduction to the law of double taxation conventions. Linde Verlag GmbH. Miller, A. and Oats, L., 2016. Principles of international taxation. Bloomsbury Publishing. Morgan, A., Mortimer, C. and Pinto, D., 2016. A practical introduction to Australian taxation law 2016. Saad, N., 2014. Tax knowledge, tax complexity and tax compliance: Taxpayers view. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 109, pp.1069-1075. Scholes, M.S., 2015. Taxes and business strategy. Prentice Hall. Tomasic, R. and Pentony, B., 2013. Taxation law compliance and the role of professional tax advisers. Australian New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 24(3), pp.241-257. Wickerson, J., 2014. The changing roles of taxpayer audit programs: some recent developments in the Australian Taxation office. Revenue Law Journal, 4(2), p.2. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C. and Pinto, D., 2017. Australian Taxation Law 2017 27th edition. OUP Catalogue.